Production Workers, All Other
All production workers not listed separately.
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What the data says: Jobs are projected to grow 0.8% by 2035. Its tasks haven't been rated for what AI could do. How to think about this →
About this projection
BLS builds AI into its projections where the research supports it: “BLS generally applies adjustments based on this research conservatively, where there is convincing evidence for a change.”
It also notes a limit: “BLS projection methods are not designed to capture extremely rapid technological change.”
On its AI exposure groups, BLS says exposure “does not imply job loss.”
Recent conditions
- In 2024, 5.3% of people in this work were unemployed, against 3.8% across all occupations Census ACS 2024, all workers in the Census group “Other production workers”
- From Sep 2025 to Aug 2026, 7.9 hires for every 10 job openings in professional and business services, which employs about 37% of people in this work, against 7.3 across all industries BLS JOLTS
One box per opening, filled for each hire; hires beyond the openings are added in a lighter shade. Higher can mean openings get filled, or that people leave often; lower, that jobs go unfilled, or hiring is slow.7.9 this industry7.3 all industries
Median pay by state BLS OEWS May 2025, state estimates
Tap a state for its figures.
Median pay in every state
| State | Median | Middle half earn | Jobs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | $37,460 | $24,290 to $47,120 | 630 |
| Alaska | $43,560 | $37,250 to $76,300 | 100 |
| Arizona | $41,350 | $38,730 to $50,390 | 1,750 |
| Arkansas | $36,030 | $32,830 to $43,450 | 3,800 |
| California | $41,670 | $37,030 to $50,120 | 28,090 |
| Colorado | $47,200 | $44,740 to $53,490 | 1,120 |
| Connecticut | $45,140 | $38,220 to $57,010 | 2,030 |
| Delaware | $39,720 | $32,580 to $54,010 | 70 |
| District of Columbia | $109,470 | $64,520 to $131,730 | 70 |
| Florida | $37,690 | $32,930 to $46,470 | 11,440 |
| Georgia | $39,900 | $34,570 to $49,860 | 22,440 |
| Hawaii | $45,300 | $39,450 to $48,570 | 180 |
| Idaho | $37,480 | $35,340 to $47,750 | 810 |
| Illinois | $41,730 | $36,570 to $55,670 | 9,240 |
| Indiana | $48,260 | $39,300 to $62,000 | 2,530 |
| Iowa | $44,450 | $36,190 to $51,870 | 3,480 |
| Kansas | $37,070 | $33,110 to $40,310 | 610 |
| Kentucky | $38,630 | $32,970 to $43,600 | 2,780 |
| Louisiana | $45,210 | $36,460 to $50,270 | 7,980 |
| Maine | $46,470 | $40,350 to $61,150 | 890 |
| Maryland | $47,640 | $39,830 to $58,310 | 2,490 |
| Massachusetts | $45,780 | $33,740 to $50,070 | 2,860 |
| Michigan | $37,950 | $36,030 to $45,600 | 14,690 |
| Minnesota | $47,020 | $40,410 to $51,710 | 3,550 |
| Mississippi | $38,570 | $31,200 to $50,840 | 2,710 |
| Missouri | $38,470 | $35,420 to $47,590 | 8,300 |
| Montana | $41,990 | $38,330 to $52,420 | 290 |
| Nebraska | $42,980 | $36,680 to $54,420 | 510 |
| Nevada | $40,700 | $35,670 to $49,350 | 3,100 |
| New Hampshire | $47,620 | $40,780 to $52,230 | 1,600 |
| New Jersey | $40,000 | $36,560 to $46,000 | 5,310 |
| New Mexico | $36,460 | $31,200 to $43,680 | 1,920 |
| New York | $42,070 | $36,530 to $54,480 | 3,370 |
| North Carolina | $38,790 | $34,270 to $48,370 | 18,350 |
| North Dakota | $45,100 | $40,650 to $53,640 | 450 |
| Ohio | $38,720 | $34,120 to $47,760 | 9,090 |
| Oklahoma | $44,120 | $38,340 to $51,470 | 1,250 |
| Oregon | $47,180 | $39,790 to $51,710 | 2,530 |
| Pennsylvania | $44,290 | $37,830 to $54,890 | 8,490 |
| Puerto Rico | $23,170 | $22,570 to $25,180 | 3,450 |
| Rhode Island | $36,130 | $35,560 to $41,470 | 420 |
| South Carolina | $39,600 | $34,700 to $48,190 | 1,890 |
| South Dakota | $44,910 | $38,920 to $51,770 | 140 |
| Tennessee | $40,130 | $35,980 to $48,670 | 20,150 |
| Texas | $38,850 | $34,900 to $46,670 | 18,340 |
| Utah | $41,460 | $36,600 to $47,360 | 4,470 |
| Vermont | $46,570 | $41,810 to $61,140 | 470 |
| Virginia | $38,340 | $36,270 to $47,900 | 4,970 |
| Washington | $47,060 | $45,810 to $53,860 | 1,550 |
| West Virginia | $39,500 | $30,470 to $46,860 | 2,260 |
| Wisconsin | $42,850 | $36,590 to $48,600 | 5,950 |
| Wyoming | $37,500 | $34,520 to $67,590 | 160 |
Nationally: $40,110. Shades run from the lowest state median to the highest; a territory below that range takes the lightest. How to read this
How AI touches the work
What AI could speed up, task by task, and where people already use it.
How to read this
Work activities come from O*NET, which links every task to the broader activities it involves. Microsoft's figures are for the activity across everyone who used Copilot, not for production workers, all other specifically. Copilot is a general chat assistant; dedicated coding tools are not included, so programming help is under-counted here. Activities are listed by how many of this occupation's tasks fall under them.
The task ratings say whether AI could halve the time a task takes: on its own (“AI alone”), or with software built on it (“AI + software”). They were made by people in 2023 (Eloundou et al.). Claude's share is the task's share of all Claude.ai conversations in May 2026; Anthropic doesn't publish a task with too few conversations. None of these add up to the BLS exposure group, which combines five research measures.
More in the Guide: task ratings · task order · work activities · Copilot figures · Claude
High exposure doesn't mean fewer jobs
BLS projects most occupations in its two most exposed groups to grow: 141 of 206 rated Very high and 165 of 206 rated High. Each dot is one of the 831 occupations BLS rates.
Career moves into and out of this occupation
From moves between occupations found in online resumes, 2002–2016. Career changes only: a first job after school isn't a move.
Where people moved next
of 245,128 moves out
- 1 Managers, All Other (2010 group) an older group BLS has since split; no exposure group today 5%
- 2 Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers Moderate +3.8% 5%
- 3 Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand Low +1.8% 3%
- 4 Customer Service Representatives Very high -5.3% 2%
- 5 Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators Low +1.5% 2%
Where people moved in from
of 211,776 moves in
- 1 Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand Low +1.8% 6%
- 2 Customer Service Representatives Very high -5.3% 4%
- 3 Cashiers High -6.5% 3%
- 4 Managers, All Other (2010 group) an older group BLS has since split; no exposure group today 3%
- 5 Retail Salespersons Very high -0.3% 3%
The resume data uses 2010 occupation codes. This occupation comes from “Production Workers, All Other”, which today also includes “Computer Numerically Controlled Tool Operators” and “Computer Numerically Controlled Tool Programmers”, so these figures cover those too. Resumes over-represent younger, white-collar job-seekers and moves into management. Schubert, Stansbury and Taska (resume data).
Education and training for the occupation
Census survey (American Community Survey)
- 17% less than high school
- 47% high school
- 19% some college
- 7% associate's
- 7% bachelor's
- 2% master's
Census ACS 2024, all workers in the Census group “Other production workers” · 14,074 people surveyed.
Median pay by highest degree full-time, year-round · Census ACS 2024, all workers in the Census group “Other production workers”
Jobs that require a credential BLS Occupational Requirements Survey 2023
7.0% this occupation
45.3% all occupations
| By kind | This occupation | All occupations |
|---|---|---|
| a license | <0.5% | 19.1% |
| a certification | <0.5% | 5.8% |
| an educational certificate | <0.5% | 2.8% |
Share of jobs whose employer requires it. BLS doesn't say which credential. How to read this
Look up certifications, training and licenses U.S. Department of Labor
- Certification Finder ↗ certifications CareerOneStop lists for this occupation
- Training Finder ↗ schools and programs, nationwide; narrow the place there
- License Finder ↗ licenses by state
- Apprenticeship Finder ↗ DOL lists 11 registered apprenticeships in this occupation. Apprenticeship.gov can't be linked to one occupation, so search for “Production Workers, All Other” there.
These open in a new tab and send only the occupation's public code. More in the Guide
BLS AI exposure categories (Aug 2026) · BLS Employment Projections 2025–35 · O*NET 31.0 · Task ratings: Eloundou et al., Science (2024) · Microsoft "Working with AI" v1.1 · Anthropic Economic Index (2026-06-26) · Schubert, Stansbury and Taska · NCES CIP–SOC · Census ACS 2024 · BLS JOLTS
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