First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers
Also called: Aquatics Supervisor, Clinical Care Coordinator, Direct Care Supervisor, Resident Care SupervisorSupervise and coordinate activities of personal service workers.
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What the data says: AI could halve the time on 9 of its 17 tasks, yet jobs are projected to grow 6.3% by 2035. How to think about this →
About this projection
BLS builds AI into its projections where the research supports it: “BLS generally applies adjustments based on this research conservatively, where there is convincing evidence for a change.”
It also notes a limit: “BLS projection methods are not designed to capture extremely rapid technological change.”
On its AI exposure groups, BLS says exposure “does not imply job loss.”
Recent conditions
- In 2024, 3.8% of people in this work were unemployed, against 3.8% across all occupations Census ACS 2024, all workers in the Census group “Supervisors of personal care and service workers”
- From Sep 2025 to Aug 2026, 7.7 hires for every 10 job openings in other services, which employs about 42% of people in this work, against 7.3 across all industries BLS JOLTS
One box per opening, filled for each hire; hires beyond the openings are added in a lighter shade. Higher can mean openings get filled, or that people leave often; lower, that jobs go unfilled, or hiring is slow.7.7 this industry7.3 all industries
Median pay by state BLS OEWS May 2025, state estimates
Tap a state for its figures.
Median pay in every state
| State | Median | Middle half earn | Jobs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | $40,810 | $33,700 to $53,770 | 1,280 |
| Alaska | $49,380 | $39,480 to $60,470 | 330 |
| Arizona | $47,690 | $41,660 to $60,110 | 1,620 |
| Arkansas | $39,420 | $33,840 to $51,270 | 960 |
| California | $56,110 | $43,620 to $66,650 | 9,390 |
| Colorado | $54,530 | $44,380 to $68,870 | 3,160 |
| Connecticut | $52,720 | $42,920 to $70,460 | 1,740 |
| Delaware | $48,940 | $38,710 to $63,680 | 340 |
| District of Columbia | $56,670 | $48,070 to $73,690 | 260 |
| Florida | $47,330 | $37,690 to $60,590 | 6,250 |
| Georgia | $46,080 | $36,430 to $56,230 | 2,790 |
| Guam | $30,250 | $25,360 to $33,510 | 60 |
| Hawaii | $54,950 | $48,530 to $66,340 | 740 |
| Idaho | $46,860 | $36,890 to $55,980 | 700 |
| Illinois | $49,150 | $40,720 to $61,010 | 2,670 |
| Indiana | $48,590 | $40,740 to $62,930 | 1,950 |
| Iowa | $38,780 | $35,940 to $47,130 | 770 |
| Kansas | $47,370 | $40,330 to $56,060 | 270 |
| Kentucky | $41,490 | $36,280 to $55,700 | 840 |
| Louisiana | $38,670 | $32,000 to $52,110 | 1,330 |
| Maine | $52,780 | $45,960 to $60,360 | 410 |
| Maryland | $51,510 | $43,760 to $63,830 | 4,010 |
| Massachusetts | $53,740 | $44,690 to $70,320 | 1,600 |
| Michigan | $42,740 | $37,060 to $53,030 | 2,010 |
| Minnesota | $51,160 | $44,240 to $64,660 | 2,530 |
| Mississippi | $37,910 | $32,070 to $48,510 | 980 |
| Missouri | $43,720 | $37,310 to $51,110 | 1,600 |
| Montana | $48,320 | $43,550 to $58,550 | 360 |
| Nebraska | $46,010 | $38,580 to $54,080 | 840 |
| Nevada | $44,290 | $35,140 to $56,530 | 1,760 |
| New Hampshire | $50,580 | $44,690 to $63,880 | 670 |
| New Jersey | $54,330 | $43,710 to $64,990 | 4,640 |
| New Mexico | $49,100 | $37,210 to $58,620 | 580 |
| New York | $58,900 | $45,460 to $70,630 | 8,580 |
| North Carolina | $45,400 | $38,260 to $56,780 | 3,510 |
| North Dakota | $50,390 | $40,210 to $55,950 | 360 |
| Ohio | $39,660 | $34,660 to $54,000 | 2,390 |
| Oklahoma | $37,390 | $31,760 to $51,750 | 1,470 |
| Oregon | $58,240 | $47,790 to $62,090 | 2,300 |
| Pennsylvania | $47,990 | $42,130 to $59,270 | 8,980 |
| Puerto Rico | $31,100 | $24,190 to $38,040 | 380 |
| Rhode Island | $60,680 | $50,370 to $61,450 | 460 |
| South Carolina | $44,100 | $37,340 to $54,980 | 2,040 |
| South Dakota | $49,860 | $43,880 to $59,860 | 340 |
| Tennessee | $46,510 | $37,550 to $59,930 | 1,980 |
| Texas | $45,560 | $35,130 to $59,350 | 11,470 |
| Utah | $44,010 | $38,020 to $60,110 | 930 |
| Vermont | $58,490 | $48,530 to $60,630 | 200 |
| Virginia | $48,990 | $40,980 to $61,860 | 2,950 |
| Washington | $59,980 | $51,200 to $70,130 | 1,440 |
| West Virginia | $38,120 | $30,190 to $47,450 | 400 |
| Wisconsin | $46,350 | $39,160 to $55,890 | 4,740 |
| Wyoming | $45,610 | $32,510 to $60,800 | 200 |
Nationally: $48,590. Shades run from the lowest state median to the highest; a territory below that range takes the lightest. How to read this
How AI touches the work
What AI could speed up, task by task, and where people already use it.
AI could halve the time on 9 of its 17 tasks
| AI rating | Its main tasks | Share of Claude conversations May 2026 |
|---|---|---|
| Not much | Train workers in proper operational procedures and functions and explain company policies. | Not published |
| Not much | Meet with managers or other supervisors to stay informed of changes affecting operations. | Not published |
| AI + software | Assign work schedules, following work requirements, to ensure quality and timely delivery of service. | Not published |
| Not much | Observe and evaluate workers' appearance and performance to ensure quality service and compliance with specifications. | Not published |
| AI + software | Inform management about problems, such as employee disputes. | under 0.01% |
| Not much | Participate in continuing education to stay abreast of industry trends and developments. | Not published |
See all 17 tasks
| AI + software | Investigate employee complaints and resolve problems following management rules and regulations. | Not published |
| AI alone | Apply customer feedback to service improvement efforts. | under 0.01% |
| AI alone | Resolve customer complaints regarding worker performance or services rendered. | Not published |
| AI + software | Recruit and hire staff members. | Not published |
| Not much | Take disciplinary action to address performance problems. | Not published |
| Not much | Inspect work areas or operating equipment to ensure conformance to established standards in areas such as cleanliness or maintenance. | Not published |
| AI alone | Inform workers about interests or special needs of specific groups. | Not published |
| Not much | Requisition necessary supplies, equipment, or services. | Not published |
| AI + software | Arrange worker breaks to ensure services are adequately staffed throughout each shift. | Not published |
| Not much | Direct or coordinate the activities of workers, such as hotel staff or hair stylists. | Not published |
| AI alone | Direct marketing, advertising, or other customer recruitment efforts. | under 0.01% |
Ordered by how important O*NET's respondents rate each task (1 to 5) times the share who say it is part of their job. The ordering is ours. 3 of the 17 have a published share of Claude conversations; “not published” means too few conversations for Anthropic to publish a figure.
Where people already use AI
The tasks above say what AI could speed up. This shows what people are using it for. Its 17 tasks fall under 14 work activities that many occupations share, and Microsoft counted how often each one came up in 200,000 conversations with its Copilot assistant in 2024.
- #3 Respond to customer problems or inquiries
- #4 Maintain current knowledge in area of expertise
- #12 Explain regulations, policies, or procedures
- and 1 more, in the table below
| Work activity | This occupation's tasks under it | People asked AI for help in 10,000 conversations |
AI did it for them in 10,000 conversations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Respond to customer problems or inquiries | |||
| Maintain current knowledge in area of expertise | |||
| Explain regulations, policies, or procedures | |||
| Evaluate personnel capabilities or performance | |||
| Assign work to others | |||
| Purchase goods or services | |||
| Promote products, services, or programs | |||
| Communicate with others about operational plans or activities |
Show all 14 activities
| Investigate organizational or operational problems | |||
| Inspect facilities or equipment | |||
| Perform human resources activities | |||
| Train others on operational or work procedures | |||
| Inspect commercial, industrial, or production systems or equipment | |||
| Supervise personnel activities |
How people in this work use Claude
What people in this work made with Claude % of conversations
- An email or message32%
- A document or report16%
- Advice or a recommendation8%
- Marketing or social media content6%
- A plan or strategy6%
How they worked with Claude
90% of these conversations were about work. Anthropic Economic Index, May 2026.
How to read this
Work activities come from O*NET, which links every task to the broader activities it involves. Microsoft's figures are for the activity across everyone who used Copilot, not for first-line supervisors of personal service workers specifically. Copilot is a general chat assistant; dedicated coding tools are not included, so programming help is under-counted here. Activities are listed by how many of this occupation's tasks fall under them.
The task ratings say whether AI could halve the time a task takes: on its own (“AI alone”), or with software built on it (“AI + software”). They were made by people in 2023 (Eloundou et al.). Claude's share is the task's share of all Claude.ai conversations in May 2026; Anthropic doesn't publish a task with too few conversations. None of these add up to the BLS exposure group, which combines five research measures.
More in the Guide: task ratings · task order · work activities · Copilot figures · Claude
High exposure doesn't mean fewer jobs
BLS projects most occupations in its two most exposed groups to grow: 141 of 206 rated Very high and 165 of 206 rated High. Each dot is one of the 831 occupations BLS rates.
Career moves into and out of this occupation
From moves between occupations found in online resumes, 2002–2016. Career changes only: a first job after school isn't a move.
Where people moved next
of 21,958 moves out
- 1 First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers High -3.7% 5%
- 2 Managers, All Other (2010 group) an older group BLS has since split; no exposure group today 5%
- 3 General and Operations Managers High +5.0% 5%
- 4 Medical and Health Services Managers High +24.2% 3%
- 5 Postsecondary Teachers, All Other Very high +2.0% 3%
Where people moved in from
of 15,916 moves in
- 1 First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers High -3.7% 5%
- 2 Retail Salespersons Very high -0.3% 4%
- 3 Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists Moderate +7.7% 4%
- 4 Waiters and Waitresses Moderate +2.0% 4%
- 5 Customer Service Representatives Very high -5.3% 3%
The resume data uses 2010 occupation codes. This occupation comes from “First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers”, which today also includes “First-line Supervisors of Entertainment and Recreation Workers, Except Gambling Services” and “First-line Supervisors of Passenger Attendants”, so these figures cover those too. Resumes over-represent younger, white-collar job-seekers and moves into management. Schubert, Stansbury and Taska (resume data).
Education and training for the occupation
O*NET survey of workers in this occupation
- 3% less than high school
- 15% high school
- 8% bachelor's
- 3% master's
- 72% not published
O*NET marks 72% of the answers as too uncertain to publish, so the parts shown don't add up to 100%.
O*NET 31.0 survey of workers in this occupation · 15 people answered.
Census survey (American Community Survey)
- 3% less than high school
- 33% high school
- 34% some college
- 10% associate's
- 16% bachelor's
- 2% master's
- 1% doctorate
Census ACS 2024, all workers in the Census group “Supervisors of personal care and service workers” · 360 people surveyed.
Why the two can differ
O*NET asks about 20 people in each occupation, which makes its shares uncertain, but it reports the exact occupation and counts certificates. The Census survey reaches thousands, but it groups some occupations together and counts degrees only. More in the Guide
Median pay by highest degree full-time, year-round · Census ACS 2024, all workers in the Census group “Supervisors of personal care and service workers”
1 program: Salon/Beauty Salon Management/Manager.
Jobs that require a credential BLS Occupational Requirements Survey 2023
78.8% this occupation
45.3% all occupations
| By kind | This occupation | All occupations |
|---|---|---|
| a license | 15.7% | 19.1% |
| a certification | 7.3% | 5.8% |
| an educational certificate | 2.8% | 2.8% |
Share of jobs whose employer requires it. BLS doesn't say which credential. How to read this
Look up certifications, training and licenses U.S. Department of Labor
- Certification Finder ↗ certifications CareerOneStop lists for this occupation
- Training Finder ↗ schools and programs, nationwide; narrow the place there
- License Finder ↗ licenses by state
- Apprenticeships: DOL's list of apprenticeable occupations doesn't include this one.
These open in a new tab and send only the occupation's public code. More in the Guide
BLS AI exposure categories (Aug 2026) · BLS Employment Projections 2025–35 · O*NET 31.0 · Task ratings: Eloundou et al., Science (2024) · Microsoft "Working with AI" v1.1 · Anthropic Economic Index (2026-06-26) · Schubert, Stansbury and Taska · NCES CIP–SOC · Census ACS 2024 · BLS JOLTS
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