First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers
Also called: Accounting Manager, Customer Service Manager, Customer Service Supervisor, Office ManagerDirectly supervise and coordinate the activities of clerical and administrative support workers.
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What the data says: AI could halve the time on 23 of its 28 tasks, yet jobs are projected to grow 0.1% by 2035. In the most exposed occupations, the squeeze shows up first among early-career workers. How to think about this →
About this projection
BLS builds AI into its projections where the research supports it: “BLS generally applies adjustments based on this research conservatively, where there is convincing evidence for a change.”
It also notes a limit: “BLS projection methods are not designed to capture extremely rapid technological change.”
On its AI exposure groups, BLS says exposure “does not imply job loss.”
Recent conditions
- In 2024, 2.3% of people in this work were unemployed, against 3.8% across all occupations Census ACS 2024
- From Sep 2025 to Aug 2026, 7.9 hires for every 10 job openings in professional and business services, which employs about 19% of people in this work, against 7.3 across all industries BLS JOLTS
One box per opening, filled for each hire; hires beyond the openings are added in a lighter shade. Higher can mean openings get filled, or that people leave often; lower, that jobs go unfilled, or hiring is slow.7.9 this industry7.3 all industries
Median pay by state BLS OEWS May 2025, state estimates
Tap a state for its figures.
Median pay in every state
| State | Median | Middle half earn | Jobs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | $60,360 | $47,730 to $76,540 | 20,140 |
| Alaska | $69,840 | $59,600 to $80,750 | 5,690 |
| Arizona | $64,250 | $53,640 to $79,250 | 31,930 |
| Arkansas | $58,100 | $46,500 to $70,970 | 13,630 |
| California | $77,590 | $62,660 to $97,080 | 149,230 |
| Colorado | $76,600 | $61,850 to $95,590 | 26,100 |
| Connecticut | $78,200 | $62,770 to $97,470 | 24,420 |
| Delaware | $75,220 | $60,830 to $93,640 | 5,480 |
| District of Columbia | $79,200 | $62,480 to $101,770 | 4,080 |
| Florida | $64,360 | $51,930 to $80,520 | 93,850 |
| Georgia | $64,620 | $52,400 to $81,860 | 42,630 |
| Guam | $44,980 | $35,990 to $60,760 | 990 |
| Hawaii | $63,080 | $49,990 to $78,350 | 10,090 |
| Idaho | $61,390 | $49,990 to $76,240 | 8,360 |
| Illinois | $69,010 | $55,530 to $84,600 | 42,400 |
| Indiana | $69,490 | $55,650 to $84,840 | 21,780 |
| Iowa | $64,400 | $51,130 to $80,130 | 10,190 |
| Kansas | $64,000 | $52,560 to $79,170 | 12,010 |
| Kentucky | $63,180 | $48,560 to $80,470 | 19,670 |
| Louisiana | $57,180 | $46,010 to $71,560 | 20,810 |
| Maine | $67,530 | $56,960 to $82,780 | 6,000 |
| Maryland | $74,140 | $58,680 to $88,920 | 27,860 |
| Massachusetts | $76,770 | $62,200 to $94,900 | 34,520 |
| Michigan | $64,720 | $52,490 to $81,340 | 30,690 |
| Minnesota | $76,440 | $61,600 to $91,050 | 21,690 |
| Mississippi | $58,380 | $46,000 to $73,720 | 13,680 |
| Missouri | $63,050 | $49,730 to $79,960 | 22,360 |
| Montana | $62,550 | $51,940 to $75,540 | 4,030 |
| Nebraska | $61,980 | $51,420 to $76,310 | 9,930 |
| Nevada | $63,090 | $52,170 to $78,590 | 14,380 |
| New Hampshire | $73,250 | $58,650 to $90,200 | 7,600 |
| New Jersey | $76,640 | $61,220 to $96,890 | 55,210 |
| New Mexico | $62,640 | $49,950 to $77,960 | 8,330 |
| New York | $79,170 | $64,060 to $99,490 | 83,110 |
| North Carolina | $62,340 | $51,020 to $79,090 | 35,830 |
| North Dakota | $68,720 | $53,830 to $85,090 | 1,830 |
| Ohio | $64,220 | $52,140 to $79,250 | 45,070 |
| Oklahoma | $60,870 | $48,330 to $77,810 | 19,860 |
| Oregon | $74,300 | $60,600 to $85,220 | 12,200 |
| Pennsylvania | $65,270 | $54,150 to $80,520 | 56,600 |
| Puerto Rico | $42,840 | $35,200 to $49,560 | 16,400 |
| Rhode Island | $76,030 | $60,900 to $89,870 | 5,090 |
| South Carolina | $62,920 | $49,930 to $80,010 | 26,710 |
| South Dakota | $62,530 | $53,350 to $74,610 | 1,750 |
| Tennessee | $66,390 | $52,370 to $84,840 | 49,870 |
| Texas | $64,940 | $51,160 to $82,700 | 160,600 |
| Utah | $66,900 | $53,680 to $84,170 | 18,890 |
| Vermont | $68,790 | $59,600 to $78,920 | 1,710 |
| Virgin Islands | $55,630 | $46,610 to $69,350 | 510 |
| Virginia | $67,170 | $54,900 to $84,600 | 35,160 |
| Washington | $79,480 | $66,180 to $97,590 | 31,790 |
| West Virginia | $53,660 | $44,940 to $64,180 | 6,900 |
| Wisconsin | $70,560 | $58,670 to $84,330 | 22,950 |
| Wyoming | $63,050 | $50,970 to $75,640 | 1,980 |
Nationally: $69,500. Shades run from the lowest state median to the highest; a territory below that range takes the lightest. How to read this
How AI touches the work
What AI could speed up, task by task, and where people already use it.
AI could halve the time on 23 of its 28 tasks
| AI rating | Its main tasks | Share of Claude conversations May 2026 |
|---|---|---|
| AI + software | Discuss job performance problems with employees to identify causes and issues and to work on resolving problems. | Not published |
| Not much | Train or instruct employees in job duties or company policies or arrange for training to be provided. | Not published |
| AI + software | Supervise the work of office, administrative, or customer service employees to ensure adherence to quality standards, deadlines, and proper procedures, correcting errors or problems. | Not published |
| Not much | Provide employees with guidance in handling difficult or complex problems or in resolving escalated complaints or disputes. | Not published |
| AI alone | Resolve customer complaints or answer customers' questions regarding policies and procedures. | 0.03% |
| AI alone | Implement corporate or departmental policies, procedures, and service standards in conjunction with management. | Not published |
See all 28 tasks
| AI + software | Evaluate employees' job performance and conformance to regulations and recommend appropriate personnel action. | Not published |
| AI alone | Research, compile, and prepare reports, manuals, correspondence, or other information required by management or governmental agencies. | 0.12% |
| AI + software | Make recommendations to management concerning such issues as staffing decisions or procedural changes. | under 0.01% |
| AI alone | Interpret and communicate work procedures and company policies to staff. | under 0.01% |
| Not much | Participate in the work of subordinates to facilitate productivity or to overcome difficult aspects of work. | Not published |
| AI alone | Develop or update procedures, policies, or standards. | 0.01% |
| AI + software | Consult with managers or other personnel to resolve problems in areas such as equipment performance, output quality, or work schedules. | Not published |
| AI + software | Prepare and issue work schedules, deadlines, and duty assignments for office or administrative staff. | Not published |
| AI + software | Compute figures such as balances, totals, or commissions. | 0.18% |
| AI + software | Review records or reports pertaining to activities such as production, payroll, or shipping to verify details, monitor work activities, or evaluate performance. | under 0.01% |
| AI + software | Recruit, interview, and select employees. | Not published |
| AI + software | Coordinate activities with other supervisory personnel or with other work units or departments. | under 0.01% |
| AI + software | Maintain records pertaining to inventory, personnel, orders, supplies, or machine maintenance. | under 0.01% |
| AI + software | Develop work schedules according to budgets and workloads. | Not published |
| AI alone | Design, implement, or evaluate staff training and development programs, customer service initiatives, or performance measurement criteria. | Not published |
| AI + software | Analyze financial activities of establishments or departments and provide input into budget planning and preparation processes. | 0.03% |
| AI + software | Arrange for necessary maintenance or repair work. | Not published |
| Not much | Monitor inventory levels and requisition or purchase supplies as needed. | Not published |
| AI + software | Keep informed of provisions of labor-management agreements and their effects on departmental operations. | Not published |
| AI + software | Plan for or coordinate office services, such as equipment or supply acquisition or organization, disposal of assets, relocation, parking, maintenance, or security services. | Not published |
| AI + software | Coordinate or perform activities associated with shipping, receiving, distribution, or transportation. | Not published |
| Not much | Plan layouts of stockrooms, warehouses, or other storage areas, considering turnover, size, weight, or related factors pertaining to items stored. | under 0.01% |
Ordered by how important O*NET's respondents rate each task (1 to 5) times the share who say it is part of their job. The ordering is ours. 11 of the 28 have a published share of Claude conversations; “not published” means too few conversations for Anthropic to publish a figure.
Where people already use AI
The tasks above say what AI could speed up. This shows what people are using it for. Its 28 tasks fall under 20 work activities that many occupations share, and Microsoft counted how often each one came up in 200,000 conversations with its Copilot assistant in 2024.
- #3 Respond to customer problems or inquiries
- #4 Maintain current knowledge in area of expertise
- #12 Explain regulations, policies, or procedures
- and 4 more, in the table below
| Work activity | This occupation's tasks under it | People asked AI for help in 10,000 conversations |
AI did it for them in 10,000 conversations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Develop organizational policies, systems, or processes | |||
| Direct organizational operations, activities, or procedures | |||
| Supervise personnel activities | |||
| Explain regulations, policies, or procedures | |||
| Communicate with others about operational plans or activities | |||
| Train others on operational or work procedures | |||
| Assign work to others | |||
| Respond to customer problems or inquiries |
Show all 20 activities
| Maintain current knowledge in area of expertise | |||
| Present research or technical information | |||
| Perform administrative or clerical activities | |||
| Compile records, documentation, or other data | |||
| Calculate financial data | |||
| Examine materials or documentation for accuracy or compliance | |||
| Analyze business or financial data | |||
| Maintain operational records | |||
| Notify others of emergencies or problems | |||
| Design structures or facilities | |||
| Monitor resources or inventories | |||
| Perform recruiting or hiring activities |
How people in this work use Claude
What people in this work made with Claude % of conversations
- A document or report30%
- Math or a calculation28%
- An explanation or answer9%
- Data or a spreadsheet8%
- An analysis or summary5%
How they worked with Claude
53% of these conversations were about work. Anthropic Economic Index, May 2026.
How to read this
Work activities come from O*NET, which links every task to the broader activities it involves. Microsoft's figures are for the activity across everyone who used Copilot, not for first-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers specifically. Copilot is a general chat assistant; dedicated coding tools are not included, so programming help is under-counted here. Activities are listed by how many of this occupation's tasks fall under them.
The task ratings say whether AI could halve the time a task takes: on its own (“AI alone”), or with software built on it (“AI + software”). They were made by people in 2023 (Eloundou et al.). Claude's share is the task's share of all Claude.ai conversations in May 2026; Anthropic doesn't publish a task with too few conversations. None of these add up to the BLS exposure group, which combines five research measures.
More in the Guide: task ratings · task order · work activities · Copilot figures · Claude
High exposure doesn't mean fewer jobs
BLS projects most occupations in its two most exposed groups to grow: 141 of 206 rated Very high and 165 of 206 rated High. Each dot is one of the 831 occupations BLS rates.
Career moves into and out of this occupation
From moves between occupations found in online resumes, 2002–2016. Career changes only: a first job after school isn't a move.
Where people moved next
of 790,119 moves out
- 1 Managers, All Other (2010 group) an older group BLS has since split; no exposure group today 7%
- 2 Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive Very high -6.0% 5%
- 3 General and Operations Managers High +5.0% 4%
- 4 Customer Service Representatives Very high -5.3% 4%
- 5 Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks Very high -5.6% 3%
Where people moved in from
of 739,767 moves in
- 1 Customer Service Representatives Very high -5.3% 6%
- 2 Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive Very high -6.0% 6%
- 3 Managers, All Other (2010 group) an older group BLS has since split; no exposure group today 5%
- 4 Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks Very high -5.6% 3%
- 5 First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers High -3.7% 3%
Resumes over-represent younger, white-collar job-seekers and moves into management. Schubert, Stansbury and Taska (resume data).
Education and training for the occupation
O*NET survey of workers in this occupation
- 23% high school
- 1% postsecondary certificate
- 20% some college
- 10% associate's
- 45% bachelor's
- 1% master's
O*NET 31.0 survey of workers in this occupation · 42 people answered.
Census survey (American Community Survey)
- 3% less than high school
- 21% high school
- 27% some college
- 12% associate's
- 27% bachelor's
- 8% master's
- 1% professional degree
- 1% doctorate
Census ACS 2024, all workers in this occupation · 11,900 people surveyed.
Why the two can differ
O*NET asks about 20 people in each occupation, which makes its shares uncertain, but it reports the exact occupation and counts certificates. The Census survey reaches thousands, but it groups some occupations together and counts degrees only. More in the Guide
Median pay by highest degree full-time, year-round · Census ACS 2024, all workers in this occupation
13 programs, such as Agricultural Business Technology/Technician, Veterinary Administrative Services, General and Veterinary Office Management/Administration.
See all
- Agricultural Business Technology/Technician
- Veterinary Administrative Services, General
- Veterinary Office Management/Administration
- Veterinary Reception/Receptionist
- Veterinary Administrative/Executive Assistant and Veterinary Secretary
- Medical Office Management/Administration
- Medical/Health Management and Clinical Assistant/Specialist
- Medical Reception/Receptionist
- Office Management and Supervision
- Customer Service Management
- E-Commerce/Electronic Commerce
- Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science, General
- Executive Assistant/Executive Secretary
Jobs that require a credential BLS Occupational Requirements Survey 2023
15.5% this occupation
45.3% all occupations
| By kind | This occupation | All occupations |
|---|---|---|
| a license | 1.3% | 19.1% |
| a certification | 1.2% | 5.8% |
| an educational certificate | 0.6% | 2.8% |
Share of jobs whose employer requires it. BLS doesn't say which credential. How to read this
Look up certifications, training and licenses U.S. Department of Labor
- Certification Finder ↗ certifications CareerOneStop lists for this occupation
- Training Finder ↗ schools and programs, nationwide; narrow the place there
- License Finder ↗ licenses by state
- Apprenticeships: DOL's list of apprenticeable occupations doesn't include this one.
These open in a new tab and send only the occupation's public code. More in the Guide
BLS AI exposure categories (Aug 2026) · BLS Employment Projections 2025–35 · O*NET 31.0 · Task ratings: Eloundou et al., Science (2024) · Microsoft "Working with AI" v1.1 · Anthropic Economic Index (2026-06-26) · Schubert, Stansbury and Taska · NCES CIP–SOC · Census ACS 2024 · BLS JOLTS · Brynjolfsson, Chandar and Chen, Stanford (Aug 2026)
See it online, and explore any career: https://www.pathmosaic.com/card/43-1011.00