Managers, All Other
All managers not listed separately.
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What the data says: Jobs are projected to grow 4.9% by 2035. Its tasks haven't been rated for what AI could do. How to think about this →
About this projection
BLS builds AI into its projections where the research supports it: “BLS generally applies adjustments based on this research conservatively, where there is convincing evidence for a change.”
It also notes a limit: “BLS projection methods are not designed to capture extremely rapid technological change.”
On its AI exposure groups, BLS says exposure “does not imply job loss.”
BLS figures cover the broader occupation “Managers, all other”, which includes this one and others.
Recent conditions
- In 2024, 2.3% of people in this work were unemployed, against 3.8% across all occupations Census ACS 2024
- From Sep 2025 to Aug 2026, 7.9 hires for every 10 job openings in professional and business services, which employs about 27% of people in this work, against 7.3 across all industries BLS JOLTS
One box per opening, filled for each hire; hires beyond the openings are added in a lighter shade. Higher can mean openings get filled, or that people leave often; lower, that jobs go unfilled, or hiring is slow.7.9 this industry7.3 all industries
Median pay by state BLS OEWS May 2025, state estimates
Tap a state for its figures.
Median pay in every state
| State | Median | Middle half earn | Jobs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | $135,890 | $91,650 to $164,390 | 1,970 |
| Alaska | $127,950 | $100,070 to $154,900 | 1,740 |
| Arizona | $129,870 | $103,940 to $165,000 | 8,540 |
| Arkansas | $87,520 | $62,540 to $129,460 | 5,690 |
| California | $174,560 | $132,000 to $221,560 | 99,580 |
| Colorado | $171,140 | $135,790 to $215,440 | 14,060 |
| Connecticut | $162,690 | $119,120 to $201,600 | 7,330 |
| Delaware | $168,060 | $130,670 to $209,180 | 1,280 |
| District of Columbia | $175,720 | $156,730 to $195,190 | 18,570 |
| Florida | $108,890 | $75,800 to $162,070 | 37,820 |
| Georgia | $125,000 | $86,420 to $166,290 | 34,680 |
| Guam | $104,010 | $74,990 to $127,820 | 180 |
| Hawaii | $130,000 | $101,050 to $158,020 | not published |
| Idaho | $131,550 | $101,620 to $174,170 | 1,230 |
| Illinois | $140,240 | $107,690 to $180,860 | 31,680 |
| Indiana | $79,900 | $58,470 to $129,880 | 6,990 |
| Iowa | $128,080 | $89,800 to $165,840 | 3,600 |
| Kansas | $131,710 | $90,060 to $171,100 | 2,690 |
| Kentucky | $122,930 | $90,000 to $158,000 | 2,390 |
| Louisiana | $103,140 | $78,870 to $136,380 | 13,220 |
| Maine | $115,920 | $100,700 to $145,350 | 1,860 |
| Maryland | $159,040 | $124,590 to $185,220 | 17,530 |
| Massachusetts | $182,950 | $146,190 to $227,670 | 10,630 |
| Michigan | $134,260 | $104,810 to $169,280 | 9,380 |
| Minnesota | $152,600 | $120,860 to $191,610 | 4,160 |
| Mississippi | $101,570 | $74,990 to $144,730 | 960 |
| Missouri | $125,760 | $85,930 to $161,300 | 11,420 |
| Montana | $110,470 | $82,680 to $138,270 | 1,600 |
| Nebraska | $116,430 | $80,870 to $153,570 | 2,640 |
| Nevada | $112,040 | $75,790 to $167,750 | 9,110 |
| New Hampshire | $145,630 | $112,950 to $179,200 | 1,330 |
| New Jersey | $161,510 | $113,930 to $203,960 | 30,270 |
| New Mexico | $123,550 | $101,860 to $159,430 | 3,770 |
| New York | $167,200 | $124,530 to $221,680 | 18,470 |
| North Carolina | $141,160 | $104,050 to $182,390 | 21,830 |
| North Dakota | $126,440 | $96,740 to $161,730 | 2,040 |
| Ohio | $129,940 | $92,740 to $168,600 | 7,360 |
| Oklahoma | $131,870 | $101,610 to $163,110 | 1,340 |
| Oregon | $125,580 | $99,430 to $170,870 | 7,680 |
| Pennsylvania | $131,600 | $99,060 to $171,340 | 20,170 |
| Puerto Rico | $82,250 | $62,140 to $109,990 | 5,550 |
| Rhode Island | $165,900 | $130,150 to $205,840 | 790 |
| South Carolina | $129,960 | $97,470 to $166,000 | 2,210 |
| South Dakota | $119,470 | $87,840 to $150,700 | 570 |
| Tennessee | $99,430 | $66,580 to $135,510 | 17,510 |
| Texas | $134,390 | $102,620 to $173,480 | 61,410 |
| Utah | $134,890 | $99,720 to $171,990 | 9,190 |
| Vermont | $125,440 | $103,570 to $151,750 | 1,060 |
| Virgin Islands | $95,530 | $72,930 to $122,930 | 140 |
| Virginia | $166,230 | $138,670 to $195,190 | 21,560 |
| Washington | $164,160 | $129,620 to $207,160 | 10,490 |
| West Virginia | $124,940 | $81,680 to $163,030 | 3,640 |
| Wisconsin | $107,050 | $78,570 to $152,980 | 14,240 |
| Wyoming | $113,420 | $88,790 to $143,570 | 850 |
Nationally: $141,900. Shades run from the lowest state median to the highest; a territory below that range takes the lightest. How to read this
How AI touches the work
What AI could speed up, task by task, and where people already use it.
How to read this
Work activities come from O*NET, which links every task to the broader activities it involves. Microsoft's figures are for the activity across everyone who used Copilot, not for managers, all other specifically. Copilot is a general chat assistant; dedicated coding tools are not included, so programming help is under-counted here. Activities are listed by how many of this occupation's tasks fall under them.
The task ratings say whether AI could halve the time a task takes: on its own (“AI alone”), or with software built on it (“AI + software”). They were made by people in 2023 (Eloundou et al.). Claude's share is the task's share of all Claude.ai conversations in May 2026; Anthropic doesn't publish a task with too few conversations. None of these add up to the BLS exposure group, which combines five research measures.
More in the Guide: task ratings · task order · work activities · Copilot figures · Claude
High exposure doesn't mean fewer jobs
BLS projects most occupations in its two most exposed groups to grow: 141 of 206 rated Very high and 165 of 206 rated High. Each dot is one of the 831 occupations BLS rates.
Career moves into and out of this occupation
From moves between occupations found in online resumes, 2002–2016. Career changes only: a first job after school isn't a move.
Where people moved next
of 2,666,458 moves out
- 1 General and Operations Managers High +5.0% 6%
- 2 Computer Occupations, All Other (2010 group) an older group BLS has since split; no exposure group today 5%
- 3 Management Analysts Very high +10.1% 5%
- 4 Sales Managers High +4.5% 3%
- 5 Postsecondary Teachers, All Other Very high +2.0% 3%
Where people moved in from
of 3,116,947 moves in
- 1 Computer Occupations, All Other (2010 group) an older group BLS has since split; no exposure group today 5%
- 2 General and Operations Managers High +5.0% 4%
- 3 First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers High -3.7% 3%
- 4 Management Analysts Very high +10.1% 3%
- 5 Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products Very high -0.9% 2%
The resume data uses 2010 occupation codes. This occupation comes from “Managers, All Other”, which today also includes “Entertainment and Recreation Managers, Except Gambling”, “Personal Service Managers, All Other” and “Project Management Specialists”, so these figures cover those too. Resumes over-represent younger, white-collar job-seekers and moves into management. Schubert, Stansbury and Taska (resume data).
Education and training for the occupation
Census survey (American Community Survey)
- 3% less than high school
- 14% high school
- 17% some college
- 8% associate's
- 36% bachelor's
- 18% master's
- 2% professional degree
- 2% doctorate
Census ACS 2024, all workers in this occupation · 50,164 people surveyed.
Median pay by highest degree full-time, year-round · Census ACS 2024, all workers in this occupation
127 programs, such as Environmental/Natural Resource Economics, Digital Communication and Media/Multimedia and Information Technology Project Management.
See all
- Environmental/Natural Resource Economics
- Digital Communication and Media/Multimedia
- Information Technology Project Management
- Library and Information Science
- Archives/Archival Administration
- Systems Science and Theory
- Cultural Resource Management and Policy Analysis
- Economics and Computer Science
- Economics and Foreign Language/Literature
- Geoarcheaology
- History and Language/Literature
- History and Political Science
- Linguistics and Anthropology
- Philosophy, Politics, and Economics
- Digital Humanities and Textual Studies, General
- Digital Humanities
- Textual Studies
- Religious Institution Administration and Management
- Psychology, General
- Cognitive Psychology and Psycholinguistics
- Comparative Psychology
- Developmental and Child Psychology
- Experimental Psychology
- Personality Psychology
- Behavioral Neuroscience
- Social Psychology
- Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology
- Psychopharmacology
- Developmental and Adolescent Psychology
- Research and Experimental Psychology, Other
- Clinical Psychology
- Community Psychology
- Counseling Psychology
- Industrial and Organizational Psychology
- School Psychology
- Educational Psychology
- Clinical Child Psychology
- Environmental Psychology
- Geropsychology
- Health/Medical Psychology
- Family Psychology
- Forensic Psychology
- Applied Psychology
- Applied Behavior Analysis
- Clinical, Counseling and Applied Psychology, Other
- Psychology, Other
- Criminal Justice and Corrections, General
- Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration
- Law Enforcement Record-Keeping and Evidence Management
- Fire Services Administration
- Homeland Security
- Crisis/Emergency/Disaster Management
- Critical Infrastructure Protection
- Terrorism and Counterterrorism Operations
- Cybersecurity Defense Strategy/Policy
- Public Administration
- Public Works Management
- Public Administration, Other
- Social Sciences, General
- Research Methodology and Quantitative Methods
- Survey Research/Methodology
- Social Sciences, Other
- Anthropology, General
- Physical and Biological Anthropology
- Medical Anthropology
- Cultural Anthropology
- Forensic Anthropology
- Anthropology, Other
- Archeology
- Criminology
- Demography and Population Studies
- Applied Demography
- Demography, Other
- Economics, General
- Applied Economics
- Econometrics and Quantitative Economics
- Development Economics and International Development
- International Economics
- Economics, Other
- Geography
- Geographic Information Science and Cartography
- Geography, Other
- International Relations and Affairs
- National Security Policy Studies
- International Relations and National Security Studies, Other
- Political Science and Government, General
- American Government and Politics (United States)
- Canadian Government and Politics
- Political Economy
- Political Science and Government, Other
- Sociology, General
- Applied/Public Sociology
- Rural Sociology
- Sociology, Other
- Urban Studies/Affairs
- Sociology and Anthropology
- Geography and Anthropology
- Arts, Entertainment, and Media Management, General
- Fine and Studio Arts Management
- Theatre/Theatre Arts Management
- Arts, Entertainment, and Media Management, Other
- Clinical Research Coordinator
- Industrial and Physical Pharmacy and Cosmetic Sciences
- Business/Commerce, General
- Business Administration and Management, General
- Non-Profit/Public/Organizational Management
- Research and Development Management
- Project Management
- Organizational Leadership
- Research Administration
- Science/Technology Management
- Entrepreneurship/Entrepreneurial Studies
- Franchising and Franchise Operations
- Small Business Administration/Management
- Social Entrepreneurship
- Tourism and Travel Services Management
- Hospitality Administration/Management, Other
- Telecommunications Management
- History, General
- American History (United States)
- European History
- History and Philosophy of Science and Technology
- Public/Applied History
- Asian History
- Canadian History
- Military History
- History, Other
Jobs that require a credential BLS Occupational Requirements Survey 2023
58.6% this occupation
45.3% all occupations
| By kind | This occupation | All occupations |
|---|---|---|
| a license | 12.2% | 19.1% |
| a certification | 5.1% | 5.8% |
| an educational certificate | 2.8% | 2.8% |
Share of jobs whose employer requires it. BLS doesn't say which credential. How to read this
Look up certifications, training and licenses U.S. Department of Labor
- Certification Finder ↗ certifications CareerOneStop lists for this occupation
- Training Finder ↗ schools and programs, nationwide; narrow the place there
- License Finder ↗ licenses by state
- Apprenticeships: DOL's list of apprenticeable occupations doesn't include this one.
These open in a new tab and send only the occupation's public code. More in the Guide
BLS AI exposure categories (Aug 2026) · BLS Employment Projections 2025–35 · O*NET 31.0 · Task ratings: Eloundou et al., Science (2024) · Microsoft "Working with AI" v1.1 · Anthropic Economic Index (2026-06-26) · Schubert, Stansbury and Taska · NCES CIP–SOC · Census ACS 2024 · BLS JOLTS
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