Cardiologists
Diagnose, treat, manage, and prevent diseases or conditions of the cardiovascular system. May further subspecialize in interventional procedures (e.g., balloon angioplasty and stent placement), echocardiography, or electrophysiology.
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What the data says: AI could halve the time on 10 of its 25 tasks, and jobs are projected to grow 4.8% by 2035. How to think about this →
About this projection
BLS builds AI into its projections where the research supports it: “BLS generally applies adjustments based on this research conservatively, where there is convincing evidence for a change.”
It also notes a limit: “BLS projection methods are not designed to capture extremely rapid technological change.”
On its AI exposure groups, BLS says exposure “does not imply job loss.”
Recent conditions
- In 2024, 0.6% of people in this work were unemployed, against 3.8% across all occupations Census ACS 2024, all workers in the Census group “Other physicians”
- From Sep 2025 to Aug 2026, 5.0 hires for every 10 job openings in health care and social assistance, which employs about 93% of people in this work, against 7.3 across all industries BLS JOLTS
One box per opening, filled for each hire; hires beyond the openings are added in a lighter shade. Higher can mean openings get filled, or that people leave often; lower, that jobs go unfilled, or hiring is slow.5.0 this industry7.3 all industries
Median pay by state BLS OEWS May 2025, state estimates
Tap a state for its figures.
Median pay in every state
| State | Median | Middle half earn | Jobs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | $519,480 | $324,960 to $567,840 | 130 |
| Arizona | $239,200 or more | $239,200 or more to $239,200 or more | 440 |
| California | $185,610 | $112,020 to $493,670 | 630 |
| Colorado | $239,200 or more | $239,200 or more to $239,200 or more | 200 |
| Connecticut | $488,940 | $136,670 to $600,870 | 320 |
| Delaware | $239,200 or more | $239,200 or more to $239,200 or more | 90 |
| Florida | $414,910 | $274,280 to $514,740 | 920 |
| Georgia | $610,070 | $610,060 to $727,180 | 1,150 |
| Hawaii | $239,200 or more | $239,200 or more to $239,200 or more | 50 |
| Illinois | $517,850 | $356,070 to $685,610 | 340 |
| Indiana | $588,890 | $439,550 to $618,740 | 140 |
| Iowa | $283,070 | $72,170 to $455,180 | 100 |
| Kentucky | $558,180 | $514,540 to $584,230 | not published |
| Maine | $239,200 or more | $239,200 or more to $239,200 or more | 150 |
| Maryland | $337,230 | $245,650 to $465,070 | not published |
| Massachusetts | not published | not published | 510 |
| Michigan | $419,030 | $68,540 to $566,870 | 340 |
| Minnesota | $239,200 or more | $239,200 or more to $239,200 or more | 420 |
| Mississippi | not published | not published | 50 |
| Missouri | $648,070 | $142,320 to $791,930 | 150 |
| Nebraska | $646,300 | $584,330 to $783,100 | 170 |
| New Hampshire | $239,200 or more | $239,200 or more to $239,200 or more | 190 |
| New Jersey | $286,540 | $103,850 to $514,010 | not published |
| New Mexico | $239,200 or more | $239,200 or more to $239,200 or more | 90 |
| New York | $492,040 | $226,430 to $572,180 | 2,260 |
| North Carolina | not published | not published | 300 |
| North Dakota | $239,200 or more | $239,200 or more to $239,200 or more | 40 |
| Ohio | $504,260 | $371,380 to $668,500 | 760 |
| Oregon | $239,200 or more | $239,200 or more to $239,200 or more | 150 |
| Pennsylvania | $579,120 | $503,970 to $606,470 | 640 |
| Puerto Rico | not published | not published | 60 |
| Rhode Island | $395,610 | $238,950 to $395,610 | 60 |
| South Carolina | $239,200 or more | $239,200 or more to $239,200 or more | 210 |
| Tennessee | $610,080 | $440,070 to $710,040 | 560 |
| Texas | $410,150 | $142,860 to $544,670 | 2,050 |
| Utah | $239,200 or more | $239,200 or more to $239,200 or more | 280 |
| Vermont | not published | not published | 70 |
| Virginia | $461,450 | $383,490 to $555,570 | 810 |
| Washington | $656,330 | $438,930 to $737,410 | 200 |
| Wisconsin | $636,580 | $509,010 to $666,880 | 200 |
| Wyoming | $239,200 or more | $239,200 or more to $239,200 or more | 30 |
Nationally: $496,010. Shades run from the lowest state median to the highest; a territory below that range takes the lightest. How to read this
How AI touches the work
What AI could speed up, task by task, and where people already use it.
AI could halve the time on 10 of its 25 tasks
| AI rating | Its main tasks | Share of Claude conversations May 2026 |
|---|---|---|
| Not much | Administer emergency cardiac care for life-threatening heart problems, such as cardiac arrest and heart attack. | Not published |
| AI + software | Advise patients and community members concerning diet, activity, hygiene, or disease prevention. | 0.02% |
| Not much | Answer questions that patients have about their health and well-being. | 0.81% |
| Not much | Calculate valve areas from blood flow velocity measurements. | under 0.01% |
| AI + software | Compare measurements of heart wall thickness and chamber sizes to standards to identify abnormalities, using the results of an echocardiogram. | Not published |
| Not much | Conduct electrocardiogram (EKG), phonocardiogram, echocardiogram, or other cardiovascular tests to record patients' cardiac activity, using specialized electronic test equipment, recording devices, or laboratory instruments. | Not published |
See all 25 tasks
| Not much | Conduct exercise electrocardiogram tests to monitor cardiovascular activity under stress. | Not published |
| AI + software | Conduct research to develop or test medications, treatments, or procedures that prevent or control disease or injury. | Not published |
| Not much | Conduct tests of the pulmonary system, using a spirometer or other respiratory testing equipment. | Not published |
| AI + software | Design and explain treatment plans, based on patient information such as medical history, reports, and examination results. | Not published |
| Not much | Diagnose cardiovascular conditions, using cardiac catheterization. | Not published |
| AI + software | Diagnose medical conditions of patients, using records, reports, test results, or examination information. | under 0.01% |
| AI alone | Explain procedures and discuss test results or prescribed treatments with patients. | 0.02% |
| Not much | Inject contrast media into patients' blood vessels. | Not published |
| Not much | Monitor patients' conditions and progress, and reevaluate treatments, as necessary. | Not published |
| Not much | Observe ultrasound display screen, and listen to signals to record vascular information, such as blood pressure, limb volume changes, oxygen saturation, and cerebral circulation. | Not published |
| AI + software | Obtain and record patient information, including patient identification, medical history, and examination results. | Not published |
| Not much | Operate diagnostic imaging equipment to produce contrast-enhanced radiographs of heart and cardiovascular system. | Not published |
| AI + software | Order medical tests, such as echocardiograms, electrocardiograms, and angiograms. | Not published |
| Not much | Perform minimally invasive surgical procedures, such as implanting pacemakers and defibrillators. | Not published |
| Not much | Perform vascular procedures, such as balloon angioplasty and stents. | Not published |
| Not much | Prescribe heart medication to treat or prevent heart problems. | Not published |
| AI alone | Recommend surgeons or surgical procedures. | Not published |
| Not much | Supervise or train cardiology technologists or students. | Not published |
| AI + software | Talk to other physicians about patients to create a treatment plan. | Not published |
O*NET hasn't rated these tasks, so they're in O*NET's own order. 5 of the 25 have a published share of Claude conversations; “not published” means too few conversations for Anthropic to publish a figure.
Where people already use AI
The tasks above say what AI could speed up. This shows what people are using it for. Its 25 tasks fall under 21 work activities that many occupations share, and Microsoft counted how often each one came up in 200,000 conversations with its Copilot assistant in 2024.
- #24 Assist others to access additional services or resources
- #26 Research healthcare issues
| Work activity | This occupation's tasks under it | People asked AI for help in 10,000 conversations |
AI did it for them in 10,000 conversations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Administer diagnostic tests to assess patient health | |||
| Analyze health or medical data | |||
| Operate medical equipment | |||
| Explain medical information to patients or family members | |||
| Advise patients or clients on medical issues | |||
| Treat injuries, illnesses, or diseases | |||
| Assist others to access additional services or resources | |||
| Research healthcare issues |
Show all 21 activities
| Advise others on healthcare or wellness issues | |||
| Monitor health conditions of humans or animals | |||
| Collect information about patients or clients | |||
| Evaluate patient or client condition or treatment options | |||
| Administer basic health care or medical treatments | |||
| Develop patient or client care or treatment plans | |||
| Supervise personnel activities | |||
| Train others on health or medical topics | |||
| Confer with healthcare or other professionals about patient care | |||
| Administer emergency medical treatment | |||
| Order medical tests or procedures | |||
| Maintain health or medical records | |||
| Prescribe medical treatments or devices |
How people in this work use Claude
What people in this work made with Claude % of conversations
- Advice or a recommendation45%
- An explanation or answer44%
- An analysis or summary2%
- A plan or strategy2%
- A document or report2%
How they worked with Claude
1% of these conversations were about work. Anthropic Economic Index, May 2026.
How to read this
Work activities come from O*NET, which links every task to the broader activities it involves. Microsoft's figures are for the activity across everyone who used Copilot, not for cardiologists specifically. Copilot is a general chat assistant; dedicated coding tools are not included, so programming help is under-counted here. Activities are listed by how many of this occupation's tasks fall under them.
The task ratings say whether AI could halve the time a task takes: on its own (“AI alone”), or with software built on it (“AI + software”). They were made by people in 2023 (Eloundou et al.). Claude's share is the task's share of all Claude.ai conversations in May 2026; Anthropic doesn't publish a task with too few conversations. None of these add up to the BLS exposure group, which combines five research measures.
More in the Guide: task ratings · task order · work activities · Copilot figures · Claude
High exposure doesn't mean fewer jobs
BLS projects most occupations in its two most exposed groups to grow: 141 of 206 rated Very high and 165 of 206 rated High. Each dot is one of the 831 occupations BLS rates.
Career moves into and out of this occupation
From moves between occupations found in online resumes, 2002–2016. Career changes only: a first job after school isn't a move.
Where people moved next
of 36,033 moves out
- 1 Medical and Health Services Managers High +24.2% 19%
- 2 Postsecondary Teachers, All Other Very high +2.0% 8%
- 3 Management Analysts Very high +10.1% 5%
- 4 Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary Very high +17.9% 5%
- 5 Chief Executives Very high +3.2% 4%
Where people moved in from
of 41,353 moves in
- 1 Medical and Health Services Managers High +24.2% 16%
- 2 Postsecondary Teachers, All Other Very high +2.0% 4%
- 3 Registered Nurses High +5.6% 4%
- 4 Nursing Assistants Low +2.6% 3%
- 5 Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary Very high +17.9% 3%
The resume data uses 2010 occupation codes. This occupation comes from “Physicians and Surgeons, All Other”, which today also includes “Dermatologists”, “Emergency Medicine Physicians”, “Neurologists”, “Physicians, Pathologists”, “Radiologists”, “Physicians, All Other” and “Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric”, so these figures cover those too. Resumes over-represent younger, white-collar job-seekers and moves into management. Schubert, Stansbury and Taska (resume data).
Education and training for the occupation
Census survey (American Community Survey)
- 83% professional degree
- 17% doctorate
Census ACS 2024, all workers in the Census group “Other physicians” · 10,590 people surveyed.
Median pay by highest degree full-time, year-round · Census ACS 2024, all workers in the Census group “Other physicians”
2 programs: Medicine and Osteopathic Medicine/Osteopathy.
Jobs that require a credential BLS Occupational Requirements Survey 2023
BLS publishes no credential figures for this occupation.
Look up certifications, training and licenses U.S. Department of Labor
- Certification Finder ↗ certifications CareerOneStop lists for this occupation
- Training Finder ↗ schools and programs, nationwide; narrow the place there
- License Finder ↗ licenses by state
- Apprenticeships: DOL's list of apprenticeable occupations doesn't include this one.
These open in a new tab and send only the occupation's public code. More in the Guide
BLS AI exposure categories (Aug 2026) · BLS Employment Projections 2025–35 · O*NET 31.0 · Task ratings: Eloundou et al., Science (2024) · Microsoft "Working with AI" v1.1 · Anthropic Economic Index (2026-06-26) · Schubert, Stansbury and Taska · NCES CIP–SOC · Census ACS 2024 · BLS JOLTS
See it online, and explore any career: https://www.pathmosaic.com/card/29-1212.00